0163. 	QUORUM

A quorum of the Board of Education shall consist of a minimum of five Board members, and no business shall be conducted in the absence of a quorum, except when the Doctrine of Necessity is invoked.  
All Board meetings shall be called to commence not later than 8:00 p.m. of the designated day but, if a quorum is not present at the time for which the meeting is called, the Board member or Board members present may recess the meeting to a time not later than 9:00 p.m. of the same day and, if a quorum be not present at that time, the member or members present may adjourn the meeting to commence not later than 8:00 p.m. of another day, but not more than seven days following the date for which the original meeting was called, but no further recess or adjournment of the meeting shall be made. 
The Board of Education recognizes there may be matters that come before the Board or acts required of Board members in their official capacity where the Board member may have a conflict of interest or the act by a Board member would be in violation of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24.  In these matters, the Board member(s) shall remove themselves from any discussions, meetings (informal or formal), committee meetings, and/or a vote regarding the matter.  The Board will consider this matter without the Board member(s) who has the conflict. 
In the event a matter comes before the Board or an act is required of a Board member in their official capacity that is a conflict or would be in violation of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24, the Board would still be required to have a quorum to consider the matter.  However, the New Jersey Department of Education and the School Ethics Commission envisioned this prohibition could create a situation in which the number of conflicted Board members would prevent the Board to take action on a matter.  Therefore, when more than a quorum of the Board members must abstain from voting on a matter due to a conflict or the act would be in violation of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24, the Board will invoke the Doctrine of Necessity consistent with the New Jersey Department of Education and School Ethics Commission guidelines as follows: 
A.    	Board Member(s) in Conflict - Less Than a Majority of The Board
 		1.     	In the event a Board member(s) has a conflict of interest 				where the Board member will act in their official 					capacity, the Board member must remove themselves 				from any discussions, meetings (informal or 	formal), 				committee meetings, and/or a vote regarding the matter.
		2.     	In the event a Board member is unsure whether they or any 				other Board member has a conflict of interest or whether 				the matter, if acted upon by a Board member(s) is in 				violation of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24 - Prohibited Acts, the 				School Board Attorney will make a determination.
		3.     	The School Board Attorney will provide the Board of 				Education an opinion on whether the matter is a conflict of 				interest or act prohibited by N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24 - 					Prohibited Acts.
		4.     	If the Board member(s) believes they have a 						conflict of interest where they will act in their official 				capacity or if the School Board Attorney renders an opinion 			the Board member has a conflict of interest where the 				Board member will act in their official capacity, the Board 				member will remove themselves from any discussions, 				meetings (informal or formal), committee meetings, and/or 				a vote regarding the matter.
	B.    	Board Member(s) in Conflict - A Majority of Board Members in Conflict
		1.     	In the event:
			a.     	A Board member(s) believes they have a conflict of 						interest  or if acted upon by a Board member is in violation 					of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24; or
			b.     	If the School Board Attorney renders an opinion a Board 					member(s) has a conflict of interest or if acted upon by a 					Board member is in violation of N.J.S.A. 18A:12-24; and
			c.     	The number of Board members that have a conflict would 					make it so the Board would be unable to take action on the 					matter, then the Board may invoke the Doctrine of 						Necessity.
	C.    	Doctrine Of Necessity
		1.     	The Doctrine of Necessity may be invoked when more than a 				quorum of the Board must abstain from voting on a matter. 
		2.     	There are three prerequisites necessary for a Board to invoke the 				Doctrine of Necessity:
			a.     	The Board must be unable to act without the members in 					conflict taking part;
			b.     	There must be a pressing need for action, i.e. the matter 					cannot be laid aside until another date; and
			c.     	There can be no alternative forum that can grant the same 					relief. 
		3.     	When the School Board Attorney advises the Board the Doctrine 				of Necessity must be invoked in order to obtain a quorum on a 				vote, the Board must publicly state: 
			a.     	That it is invoking the Doctrine of Necessity;
			b.     	The specific reason/purpose for which the Doctrine of 					Necessity is being invoked; and
			c.     	The specific nature of the conflict of interest for each Board 				member that has a conflict of interest: 
				(1)    	The specific nature of the conflict of interest for 						each Board member should include the Board 						member’s name; the name of the immediate family 						member or relative which is the basis for the 						conflict of interest, and the position that immediate 						family member or relative holds; or
				(2)    	If the specific nature of the conflict of interest for a 						Board member is a conflict other than an immediate 					family member or relative, the announcement 						should 	include the conflict which is the basis for the 					conflict of interest.         
		4.     	When the Board invokes the Doctrine of Necessity, it will adopt a 				Resolution setting forth the same information as outlined in C.3. 				above.
		5.   	When the Board invokes the Doctrine of Necessity, the Resolution 				will be:
			a.     	Read at a regularly scheduled public meeting;
			b.     	Posted in such places the Board posts public notices for 					thirty days; and
			c.     	Provided to the School Ethics Commission.
		6.   	The Board members who have a conflict in the matter are 					prohibited from:
			a.     	Participating in any discussions on the matter prior to the 					announcement of the invocation of the Doctrine of 						Necessity at the public meeting; 
			b.     	Being present in an executive session when the matter is 					being discussed; and
			c.     	Offering their opinions on the matter at any time prior to 					the announcement or the invocation of the Doctrine of 					Necessity.
		7.     	The Board members who have a conflict may only ask questions 				regarding the matter to be voted on in public and after the Board 				has invoked the Doctrine of Necessity.
		8.     	The Board members who have a conflict may explain their reasons 			for not voting just before the vote.

N.J.S.A. 18A:10-6; 18A:12-24
New Jersey School Ethics Commission – Advisory Opinions A10-93(b),   A07-94, and C07-96
New Jersey School Ethics Commission – Resolution on Invoking the Doctrine
  of Necessity – June 25, 2018

 

Date Adopted:	4/18/77
Date Revised:	3/18/91,  5/19/20